Gemstones of the World
by Walter Schumann
Gemstones of the World
|
|
| Preface |
7
|
| Introduction |
8
|
| Gemstones and Their Influence |
8
|
| Terminology |
10
|
| The Nomenclature of Gemstones |
12
|
| Origin and Structure of Gemstones |
14
|
| Crystal Systems |
17
|
| Properties of Gemstones |
20
|
| Hardness |
20
|
| Cleavage and Fracture |
24
|
| Density and Specific Gravity |
25
|
| Weights Used in the Gem Trade |
30
|
| Optical Properties |
31
|
| Color |
31
|
| Color of Streak |
32
|
| Changes in Color |
33
|
| Refraction of Light |
36
|
| Double Refraction |
40
|
| Dispersion |
41
|
| Absorption Spectra |
44
|
| Transparency |
48
|
| Luster |
48
|
| Pleochroism |
49
|
| Light and Color Effects |
52
|
| Luminescence |
55
|
| Inclusions |
58
|
| Deposits and Production of Gemstones |
61
|
| Types of Deposits |
62
|
| Mining Methods |
64
|
| Cutting and Polishing of Gems |
68
|
| Engraving on Stones |
69
|
| Cutting and Polishing Agate |
70
|
| Cutting and Polishing Colored Stones |
71
|
| Cabochon Cutting |
71
|
| Faceting |
72
|
| Ball Cutting |
74
|
| Cylinder Cutting |
75
|
| Drilling Gemstones |
76
|
| Cutting and Polishing Diamond |
77
|
| Types and Forms of Cut |
79
|
| Types of Cut |
79
|
| Forms of Cut |
80
|
| Classifications of Gemstones |
82
|
| Scientific Classification |
82
|
| Commercial Classification |
84
|
| Value of Gemstones |
85
|
| Description of Gemstones |
85
|
| Best-Known Gemstones |
86
|
| Diamond |
86
|
| Diamond Occurrences |
88
|
| Diamond Production |
89
|
| Diamond Trade |
90
|
| Valuation of Diamonds |
92
|
| Famous Diamonds |
94
|
| Development of the Brilliant Cut |
96
|
| Corundum Species |
98
|
| Ruby |
98
|
| Sapphire |
102
|
| Beryl Species |
106
|
| Emerald |
106
|
| Aquamarine |
110
|
| Precious Beryl |
112
|
| Chrysoberyl |
114
|
| Spinel |
116
|
| Topaz |
118
|
| Garnet Group |
120
|
| Zircon |
124
|
| Tourmaline Group |
126
|
| Spodumene Species |
130
|
| Hiddenite |
130
|
| Kunzite |
130
|
| Quartz |
132
|
| Rock Crystal |
132
|
| Smoky Quartz |
132
|
| Amethyst |
134
|
| Amethyst Quartz |
134
|
| Citrine |
136
|
| Prasiolite |
136
|
| Rose Quartz |
138
|
| Aventurine |
138
|
| Prase |
138
|
| Blue Quartz |
138
|
| Quartz Cat's-Eye |
140
|
| Hawk's-Eye |
140
|
| Tiger's-Eye |
140
|
| Chalcedony |
142
|
| Carnelian |
142
|
| Sard |
142
|
| Chrysoprase |
144
|
| Bloodstone |
144
|
| Dendritic Agate |
146
|
| Moss Agate |
146
|
| Agate |
148
|
| Layer Stones |
158
|
| Jasper |
162
|
| Petrified Wood |
164
|
| Opal Species |
166
|
| Jade |
170
|
| Peridot |
174
|
| Zoisite Species |
176
|
| Tanzanite |
176
|
| Thulite |
176
|
| Anyolite |
176
|
| Hematite |
178
|
| Pyrite |
178
|
| Feldspar Group |
180
|
| Amazonite |
180
|
| Moonstone |
180
|
| Orthoclase |
180
|
| Labradorite |
182
|
| Aventurine Feldspar |
182
|
| Rhodochrosite |
184
|
| Rhodonite |
184
|
| Turquoise |
186
|
| Lapis Lazuli |
188
|
| Sodalite |
190
|
| Azurite |
190
|
| Malachite |
192
|
| Lesser-Known Gemstones |
194
|
| Andalusite |
194
|
| Euclase |
194
|
| Hambergite |
196
|
| Iolite |
196
|
| Phenakite |
196
|
| Dumortierite |
198
|
| Danburite |
198
|
| Axinite |
198
|
| Benitoite |
200
|
| Cassiterite |
200
|
| Epidote |
200
|
| Idocrase |
202
|
| Sinhalite |
202
|
| Kornerupine |
202
|
| Prehnite |
204
|
| Petalite |
204
|
| Scapolite |
204
|
| Diopside |
206
|
| Beryllonite |
206
|
| Brazilianite |
206
|
| Amblygonite |
208
|
| Enstatite |
208
|
| Lazulite |
208
|
| Dioptase |
210
|
| Apatite |
210
|
| Sphene |
210
|
| Kyanite |
212
|
| Scheelite |
212
|
| Variscite |
212
|
| Fluorite |
214
|
| Hemimorphite |
214
|
| Smithsonite |
214
|
| Sphalerite |
216
|
| Cerussite |
216
|
| Chrysocolla |
216
|
| Serpentine |
218
|
| Stichtite |
218
|
| Ulexite |
218
|
| Tiger's-Eye Matrix |
218
|
| Gemstones for Collectors |
220
|
| Rocks as Gemstones |
244
|
| Onyx Marble |
244
|
| Tufa |
244
|
| Landscape Marble |
244
|
| Orbicular Diorite |
246
|
| Obsidian |
246
|
| Moldavite |
246
|
| Alabaster |
248
|
| Agalmatolite |
248
|
| Meerschaum |
248
|
| Fossils |
248
|
| Organic Gemstones |
250
|
| Coral |
250
|
| Jet |
252
|
| Cannel Coal |
252
|
| Ivory |
252
|
| Odontolite |
252
|
| Amber |
254
|
| Pearl |
256
|
| Operculum |
265
|
| Mother-of-Pearl |
265
|
| Imitation and Synthetic Gemstones |
266
|
| Imitations |
266
|
| Combined Stones |
267
|
| Synthetic Gemstones |
267
|
| Treatment |
271
|
| Genuineness Test for Diamond |
274
|
| New on the Market |
276
|
| Symbolic and Beneficial Gemstones |
283
|
| Cosmic-Astral Symbolic Stones |
283
|
| Medicinal Stones |
287
|
| Bibliography |
293
|
| Table of Constants |
295
|
| Index |
312
|
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